Alport syndrome (AS) is a hereditary disease that leads to kidney failure and is caused by mutations in the COL4A3, COL4A4, and COL4A5 genes that lead to the absence of collagen α3α4α5 (IV) networks in the mature kidney glomerular basement membrane. Approximately 80% of AS is X-linked because of mutations in COL4A5, the gene encoding the alpha 5 chain of type IV collagen.
To investigate the pathogenesis of AS at the genetic level, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from renal tubular cells of a patient with AS. The successful iPSC generation laid the foundation to master the repair of the COL4A5 gene and to evaluate the differentiation of iPSC into Sertoli cells and the accompanying epigenetic changes at each stage. The generation of iPSCs from AS patients not only confirms that iPSCs could be generated from renal tubular cells , but also provides a novel type of genetic therapy for AS patients. In this study, we generated iPSCs from renal tubular cells via ectopic expression of four transcription factors (Oct4, Sox2, c-myc, and Klf4).
Gram Positive Bacteria Antibody
10-2778
Fitzgerald
1 mg
EUR 425
Description: Purified Gram Positive Bacteria Monoclonal
Gram Positive Bacteria Antibody
10-2779
Fitzgerald
1 mg
EUR 425
Description: Purified Gram Positive Bacteria Monoclonal
Gram Positive Bacteria Antibody
abx021739-1mg
Abbexa
1 mg
EUR 1220.4
Gram Positive Bacteria Antibody
abx021740-1mg
Abbexa
1 mg
EUR 1220.4
Gram Positive Bacteria Antibody
GWB-87FC21
GenWay Biotech
0.1 mg
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Gram Positive Bacteria Antibody
GWB-6D0DCC
GenWay Biotech
0.1 mg
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Gram positive bacteria, Antibody
GWB-CABB63
GenWay Biotech
0.1 mg Purified
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Gram Positive Bacteria Antibody
abx021739-400l
Abbexa
400 µl
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Gram Positive Bacteria Antibody
abx021739-80l
Abbexa
80 µl
EUR 1150
Gram Positive Bacteria Antibody
abx021740-400l
Abbexa
400 µl
Ask for price
Gram Positive Bacteria Antibody
abx021740-80l
Abbexa
80 µl
EUR 1150
Mouse antibody for Gram + bacteria LTA
3802
Virostat
100 ug
EUR 386.26
Description: This is purified Mouse monoclonal antibody against Gram + bacteria LTA for WB, ELISA.
Mouse antibody for Gram + bacteria LTA
3803
Virostat
100 ug
EUR 386.26
Description: This is purified Mouse monoclonal antibody against Gram + bacteria LTA for WB, ELISA.
Mouse antibody for Gram + bacteria LTA
3811
Virostat
100 ug
EUR 386.26
Description: This is purified Mouse monoclonal antibody against Gram + bacteria LTA for WB, ELISA.
Gram - bacteria
1054
Virostat
each
EUR 270
Description: LPS
Gram + bacteria
3804
Virostat
each
EUR 270
Description: LTA
Mouse antibody for Neisseria gonorrhoeae intact bacteria
6142
Virostat
100 ug
EUR 386.26
Description: This is purified Mouse monoclonal antibody against Neisseria gonorrhoeae intact bacteria for WB, ELISA.
Mouse antibody for Neisseria gonorrhoeae intact bacteria
6144
Virostat
100 ug
EUR 386.26
Description: This is purified Mouse monoclonal antibody against Neisseria gonorrhoeae intact bacteria for WB, ELISA.
Mouse antibody for Neisseria gonorrhoeae intact bacteria
6145
Virostat
100 ug
EUR 386.26
Description: This is purified Mouse monoclonal antibody against Neisseria gonorrhoeae intact bacteria for WB, ELISA.
Bacteria Genomic DNA Kit
20-abx098080
Abbexa
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Bacteria Genomic DNA Kit
abx098080-100l
Abbexa
100 µl
EUR 300
Bacteria Genomic DNA Kit
abx098080-1ml
Abbexa
1 ml
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Bacteria Genomic DNA Kit
abx098080-200l
Abbexa
200 µl
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Bacteria RNA Plus Reagent
R402-01
Vazyme
20 ml
EUR 156
Acid Fast Bacteria Stain Kit
K1424-125
Biovision
each
EUR 405.6
Acid Fast Bacteria Stain Kit
K1424-30
Biovision
each
EUR 326.4
Gram Positive Bacteria mouse monoclonal antibody, clone BDI813, Purified
AM00856PU-N
Origene Technologies GmbH
1 mg
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Gram Positive Bacteria mouse monoclonal antibody, clone BDI380, Purified
AM00857PU-N
Origene Technologies GmbH
1 mg
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Lactic Bacteria Differential Agar
M1087-500G
EWC Diagnostics
1 unit
EUR 43.37
Description: Lactic Bacteria Differential Agar
Lactic Bacteria Differential Broth
M1086-500G
EWC Diagnostics
1 unit
EUR 41.3
Description: Lactic Bacteria Differential Broth
Psychrophilic Bacteria Count Plate
KGR029
Ring Biotechnology Co
12tests
EUR 20
Description: Enrichment, 21±1℃, 28-30h
Necrotizing hepatopancreatitis bacteria
Oneq-V281-OneqV281100D
Bioingentech
Oneq-V281-100D
EUR 515
Necrotizing hepatopancreatitis bacteria
Oneq-V281-OneqV281150D
Bioingentech
Oneq-V281-150D
EUR 594
Necrotizing hepatopancreatitis bacteria
Oneq-V281-OneqV28150D
Bioingentech
Oneq-V281-50D
EUR 413
Necrotizing hepatopancreatitis bacteria
PCR-V281-PCRV28148D
Bioingentech
PCR-V281-48D
EUR 230
Necrotizing hepatopancreatitis bacteria
PCR-V281-PCRV28196D
Bioingentech
PCR-V281-96D
EUR 312
Anti-Gram-negative bacteria Endotoxin Monoclonal antibody, Clone 23-557.4
DMABT-Z60064
Creative Diagnostics
500 µg
EUR 945
Description: Mouse
Anti-Gram-negative bacteria Endotoxin Monoclonal antibody, Clone 23-334.6
DMABT-Z60333
Creative Diagnostics
500 µg
EUR 819
Description: Mouse
Rapid Bacteria RNA Isolation Kit
BS8625
Bio Basic
50Preps
EUR 95.63
Lactic Acid Bacteria Count Plate
KGR014
Ring Biotechnology Co
12tests
EUR 24
Description: Enrichment, 36℃±1℃,48±2h
Lysis Buffer for Bacteria, pH 8.0
22040068-1
Bio-WORLD
500 mL
EUR 60.27
Lysis Buffer for Bacteria, pH 8.0
22040068-2
Bio-WORLD
1 L
EUR 91.94
Isolation Medium For Iron Bacteria
M622-100G
EWC Diagnostics
1 unit
EUR 14.77
Description: Isolation Medium For Iron Bacteria
Isolation Medium For Iron Bacteria
M622-500G
EWC Diagnostics
1 unit
EUR 43.27
Description: Isolation Medium For Iron Bacteria
*Lactic Acid Bacteria Selective Agar
M1072-100G
EWC Diagnostics
1 unit
EUR 25.78
Description: *Lactic Acid Bacteria Selective Agar
*Lactic Acid Bacteria Selective Agar
M1072-500G
EWC Diagnostics
1 unit
EUR 103.82
Description: *Lactic Acid Bacteria Selective Agar
Bacteria-Derived Collagenase Purified
IBCTCLSPF4KU
Innovative research
each
EUR 157
Description: Bacteria-Derived Collagenase Purified
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS gram negative bacteria) goat polyclonal antibody, Purified
BP2235
Origene Technologies GmbH
1 ml
Ask for price
Bead Beating Tube Type A (Bacteria)
BB0108(C1BTA050)
Geneaid Biotech
each
EUR 50
Bacteria-Derived Deoxyribonucleic Acid
IBCTDNA10MG
Innovative research
each
EUR 199
Description: Bacteria-Derived Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Bacteria-Derived Diaphorase Lyophilized
IBCTDTLY1KU
Innovative research
each
EUR 96
Description: Bacteria-Derived Diaphorase Lyophilized
Bacteria-Derived Diaphorase Lyophilized
IBCTDTLY2KU
Innovative research
each
EUR 143
Description: Bacteria-Derived Diaphorase Lyophilized
genesig Easy kit for Bacteria Domain
Z-Path-Eubacteria-EASY
Novacyt Group
50 tests
EUR 410
Description: Eubacteria
Lactic Bacteria Differential HiVeg Agar
MV1087-500G
EWC Diagnostics
1 unit
EUR 43.37
Description: Lactic Bacteria Differential HiVeg Agar
Bacteria beta Galactosidase (GLB1) Protein
abx670038-5mg
Abbexa
5 mg
EUR 526.8
Lactic Bacteria Differential HiVeg Broth
MV1086-500G
EWC Diagnostics
1 unit
EUR 41.3
Description: Lactic Bacteria Differential HiVeg Broth
Bacteria Genomic DNA Kit (No RNase A)
abx098240-50rxns
Abbexa
50 rxns
EUR 276
Bacteria Genomic DNA Kit (No RNase A)
abx098240-100l
Abbexa
100 µl
EUR 287.5
Bacteria Genomic DNA Kit (No RNase A)
abx098240-1ml
Abbexa
1 ml
Ask for price
Bacteria Genomic DNA Kit (No RNase A)
abx098240-200l
Abbexa
200 µl
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Ribo-off rRNA Depletion Kit (Bacteria)
N407-01
Vazyme
12 rxn
EUR 507.6
Ribo-off rRNA Depletion Kit (Bacteria)
N407-02
Vazyme
24 rxn
EUR 816
Magnetic bead Bacteria Genomic DNA Kit
PDM03-0100
GeneOn
100 rcs
EUR 265
FastPure Bacteria DNA Isolation Mini Kit
DC103
Vazyme
100 rxn
EUR 212.4
FastPure Bacteria DNA Isolation Mini Kit
DC103-01
Vazyme
100 rxns
EUR 52
Rapid Bacteria Genomic DNA Isolation Kit
BS8225
Bio Basic
50Preps
EUR 91.97
Bacteria-Derived ATG3 Recombinant Protein
IBCTATG3R10UG
Innovative research
each
EUR 212
Description: Bacteria-Derived ATG3 Recombinant Protein
Bacteria-Derived GSTP1 Recombinant Protein
IBCTGSTP1R10UG
Innovative research
each
EUR 372
Description: Bacteria-Derived GSTP1 Recombinant Protein
HiPurA® Food Pathogen (Bacteria) DNA Pur
MB568A-10PR
EWC Diagnostics
1 unit
EUR 18.59
Description: HiPurA® Food Pathogen (Bacteria) DNA Pur
HiPurA® Food Pathogen (Bacteria) DNA Pur
MB568A-25PR
EWC Diagnostics
1 unit
EUR 41.81
Description: HiPurA® Food Pathogen (Bacteria) DNA Pur
Magnetic Beads DNA Extraction Kit (Bacteria)
ME004
Geneaid Biotech
each
EUR 3
Magnetic Beads DNA Extraction Kit (Bacteria)
ME048
Geneaid Biotech
each
EUR 60
Magnetic Beads DNA Extraction Kit (Bacteria)
ME096
Geneaid Biotech
each
EUR 110
EZ E1 (RNA-Be-Locked) Solution- Bacteria
RT91712
Bio Basic
25ml
EUR 87.14
Ribo-off rRNA Depletion Kit V2 (Bacteria)
N417-01
Vazyme
12 rxns
EUR 275
Ribo-off rRNA Depletion Kit V2 (Bacteria)
N417-02
Vazyme
24 rxns
EUR 486
Bacteria-Derived Galactosidase Beta Purified
IBCTGLBB1KU
Innovative research
each
EUR 121
Description: Bacteria-Derived Galactosidase Beta Purified
Bacteria-Derived Galactosidase Beta Purified
IBCTGLBB5KU
Innovative research
each
EUR 493
Description: Bacteria-Derived Galactosidase Beta Purified
Geneaid™ DNA Isolation Kit (Bacteria) Plus
GEE1.5K-A
Geneaid Biotech
each
EUR 480
Necrotizing hepatopancreatitis bacteria PCR kit
PCR-V281-48D
Bioingentech
50T
EUR 543.6
Necrotizing hepatopancreatitis bacteria PCR kit
PCR-V281-96D
Bioingentech
100T
EUR 686.4
Bacteria-Derived HO-1 Recombinant Protein
IBCTHMOX1R10UG
Innovative research
each
EUR 312
Description: Bacteria-Derived HO-1 Recombinant Protein
Bacteria-Derived Alkaline Phosphatase Purified
IBCTALPPF10MG
Innovative research
each
EUR 222
Description: Bacteria-Derived Alkaline Phosphatase Purified
Bacteria-Derived Alkaline Phosphatase Purified
IBCTALPPF5MG
Innovative research
each
EUR 137
Description: Bacteria-Derived Alkaline Phosphatase Purified
Presto™ Mini gDNA Bacteria Kit (M-Grade)
GBB100
Geneaid Biotech
each
EUR 108
Presto™ Mini gDNA Bacteria Kit (M-Grade)
GBB101
Geneaid Biotech
each
EUR 89
Presto™ Mini gDNA Bacteria Kit (M-Grade)
GBB300
Geneaid Biotech
each
EUR 291.5
Presto™ Mini gDNA Bacteria Kit (M-Grade)
GBB301
Geneaid Biotech
each
EUR 240
Prolysol BC Protein extraction buffer, Bacteria
P4100-100
GenDepot
100 rxns
EUR 271.2
Bacteria-Derived Collagenase Type 1 Purified
IBCTCLS1T100MG
Innovative research
each
EUR 97
Description: Bacteria-Derived Collagenase Type 1 Purified
Bacteria-Derived Collagenase Type 2 Purified
IBCTCLS2T100MG
Innovative research
each
EUR 97
Description: Bacteria-Derived Collagenase Type 2 Purified
Bacteria-Derived Collagenase Type 2 Purified
IBCTCLS2T1GM
Innovative research
each
EUR 343
Description: Bacteria-Derived Collagenase Type 2 Purified
Bacteria-Derived Collagenase Type 2 Purified
IBCTCLS2T5GM
Innovative research
each
EUR 1169
Description: Bacteria-Derived Collagenase Type 2 Purified
Bacteria-Derived Collagenase Type 3 Purified
IBCTCLS3T100MG
Innovative research
each
EUR 97
Description: Bacteria-Derived Collagenase Type 3 Purified
Bacteria-Derived Collagenase Type 3 Purified
IBCTCLS3T1GM
Innovative research
each
EUR 338
Description: Bacteria-Derived Collagenase Type 3 Purified
Bacteria-Derived Collagenase Type 3 Purified
IBCTCLS3T5GM
Innovative research
each
EUR 1171
Description: Bacteria-Derived Collagenase Type 3 Purified
Bacteria-Derived Collagenase Type 4 Purified
IBCTCLS4T100MG
Innovative research
each
EUR 97
Description: Bacteria-Derived Collagenase Type 4 Purified
Bacteria-Derived Collagenase Type 4 Purified
IBCTCLS4T1gm
Innovative research
each
EUR 343
Description: Bacteria-Derived Collagenase Type 4 Purified
Bacteria-Derived Collagenase Type 4 Purified
IBCTCLS4T5gm
Innovative research
each
EUR 1190
Description: Bacteria-Derived Collagenase Type 4 Purified
Bacteria-Derived Collagenase Type 5 Purified
IBCTCLS5T100MG
Innovative research
each
EUR 97
Description: Bacteria-Derived Collagenase Type 5 Purified
Bacteria-Derived Collagenase Type 5 Purified
IBCTCLS5T1GM
Innovative research
each
EUR 389
Description: Bacteria-Derived Collagenase Type 5 Purified
Bacteria-Derived Collagenase Type 5 Purified
IBCTCLS5T5GM
Innovative research
each
EUR 1248
Description: Bacteria-Derived Collagenase Type 5 Purified
Bacteria-Derived Collagenase Type 6 Purified
IBCTCLS6T100MG
Innovative research
each
EUR 101
Description: Bacteria-Derived Collagenase Type 6 Purified
Bacteria-Derived Collagenase Type 6 Purified
IBCTCLS6T500MG
Innovative research
each
EUR 364
Description: Bacteria-Derived Collagenase Type 6 Purified
Bacteria-Derived Collagenase Type 7 Purified
IBCTCLS7T100MG
Innovative research
each
EUR 109
Description: Bacteria-Derived Collagenase Type 7 Purified
Bacteria-Derived Collagenase Type 7 Purified
IBCTCLS7T2500MG
Innovative research
each
EUR 990
Description: Bacteria-Derived Collagenase Type 7 Purified
Bacteria-Derived Collagenase Type 7 Purified
IBCTCLS7T500MG
Innovative research
each
EUR 412
Description: Bacteria-Derived Collagenase Type 7 Purified
One-Tube Bacteria Genomic DNA Isolation Kit
BS8413
Bio Basic
100preps
EUR 94.72
One-Tube Bacteria Genomic DNA Isolation Kit
BS8414
Bio Basic
500Preps, 500prep
EUR 198.85
Bacteria-Derived Tryosine Decarboxylase APOenzyme
IBCTTYRAPO1GM
Innovative research
each
EUR 341
Description: Bacteria-Derived Tryosine Decarboxylase APOenzyme
Bacteria-Derived Tryosine Decarboxylase APOenzyme
IBCTTYRAPO250MG
Innovative research
each
EUR 109
Description: Bacteria-Derived Tryosine Decarboxylase APOenzyme
Presto™ 96 Well gDNA Bacteria Kit (M grade)
96GBB02
Geneaid Biotech
each
EUR 275.5
Presto™ 96 Well gDNA Bacteria Kit (M grade)
96GBB04
Geneaid Biotech
each
EUR 484
Presto™ 96 Well gDNA Bacteria Kit (M grade)
96GBB10
Geneaid Biotech
each
EUR 1080
Bacteria-Derived Tryosine Decarboxylase HOLOenzyme
IBCTTYRHOLO25UN
Innovative research
each
EUR 98
Description: Bacteria-Derived Tryosine Decarboxylase HOLOenzyme
MycoLightâ„¢ Live Bacteria Fluorescence Imaging Kit
22409-100Tests
AAT Bioquest
100 Tests
EUR 334
Description: The MycoLight™ Live Bacteria Fluorescence Imaging Kit provides an easy and convenient way for visualizing live bacteria through fluorescent microscope.
AnaPrep Bacterial DNA Extraction Kit (48) For extracting genomic DNA from bacteria
Z1322006
Biochain
1 kit (48 extractions) Including all required plastic disposables
EUR 259
xTractPure™ Bacteria/Yeast DNA Extraction Kit
Z2212009
Biochain
1 kit (96 extractions)
EUR 449
Magnetic Beads-Based Bacteria Genomic DNA Kit
abx460017-1096tests
Abbexa
10 × 96 tests
Ask for price
Magnetic Beads-Based Bacteria Genomic DNA Kit
abx460017-596tests
Abbexa
5 × 96 tests
Ask for price
Magnetic Beads-Based Bacteria Genomic DNA Kit
abx460017-96tests
Abbexa
96 tests
EUR 437.5
Bacteria-Derived Neuraminidase Purified Lyophilized
IBCTNEUPFLY10UN
Innovative research
each
EUR 337
Description: Bacteria-Derived Neuraminidase Purified Lyophilized
Bacteria-Derived Neuraminidase Purified Lyophilized
IBCTNEUPFLY25UN
Innovative research
each
EUR 697
Description: Bacteria-Derived Neuraminidase Purified Lyophilized
Bacteria-Derived Neuraminidase Purified Lyophilized
IBCTNEUPFLY5UN
Innovative research
each
EUR 174
Description: Bacteria-Derived Neuraminidase Purified Lyophilized
Presto™ gDNA Bacteria Advanced Kit (M-Grade)
GBBA004
Geneaid Biotech
each
EUR 5.5
Presto™ gDNA Bacteria Advanced Kit (M-Grade)
GBBA100
Geneaid Biotech
each
EUR 165
Presto™ gDNA Bacteria Advanced Kit (M-Grade)
GBBA300
Geneaid Biotech
each
EUR 475
Necrotizing hepatopancreatitis bacteria RT PCR kit
RTq-V281-100D
Bioingentech
100T
EUR 860.4
Necrotizing hepatopancreatitis bacteria RT PCR kit
RTq-V281-150D
Bioingentech
150T
EUR 969.6
Necrotizing hepatopancreatitis bacteria RT PCR kit
RTq-V281-50D
Bioingentech
50T
EUR 717.6
Bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi (B. burgdorferi) Protein
abx670009-1mg
Abbexa
1 mg
EUR 510
Bacteria Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) Protein
abx670063-1ml
Abbexa
1 ml
EUR 594
MycoLightâ„¢ Flow Cytometric Live Bacteria Assay Kit
22407-100Tests
AAT Bioquest
100 Tests
EUR 334
Description: The MycoLight Flow Cytometric Live Bacteria Assay Kit provides an easy and convenient methodfor evaluating bacterial vitality as a function of the intracellular esterase activity.
Bacteria Botulinum Neurotoxin Type B (botB) Protein
20-abx600049
Abbexa
Ask for price
Ask for price
Ask for price
Ask for price
Ask for price
100 ug
10 ug
1 mg
200 ug
50 ug
Bacteria-Derived Animal Free Collagenase Type A
IBCTAFCLSA100MG
Innovative research
each
EUR 97
Description: Bacteria-Derived Animal Free Collagenase Type A
Bacteria-Derived Animal Free Collagenase Type A
IBCTAFCLSA1GM
Innovative research
each
EUR 412
Description: Bacteria-Derived Animal Free Collagenase Type A
Bacteria-Derived Animal Free Collagenase Type A
IBCTAFCLSA5GM
Innovative research
each
EUR 1456
Description: Bacteria-Derived Animal Free Collagenase Type A
Bacteria-Derived Animal Free Collagenase Type B
IBCTAFCLSB100MG
Innovative research
each
EUR 97
Description: Bacteria-Derived Animal Free Collagenase Type B
Bacteria-Derived Animal Free Collagenase Type B
IBCTAFCLSB1GM
Innovative research
each
EUR 412
Description: Bacteria-Derived Animal Free Collagenase Type B
Bacteria-Derived Animal Free Collagenase Type B
IBCTAFCLSB5GM
Innovative research
each
EUR 1456
Description: Bacteria-Derived Animal Free Collagenase Type B
Bacteria-Derived Animal Free Collagenase Type C
IBCTAFCLSC100MG
Innovative research
each
EUR 97
Description: Bacteria-Derived Animal Free Collagenase Type C
Bacteria-Derived Animal Free Collagenase Type C
IBCTAFCLSC1GM
Innovative research
each
EUR 412
Description: Bacteria-Derived Animal Free Collagenase Type C
Bacteria-Derived Animal Free Collagenase Type C
IBCTAFCLSC5GM
Innovative research
each
EUR 1456
Description: Bacteria-Derived Animal Free Collagenase Type C
Bacteria-Derived FTO Recombinant Protein His Tag
IBCTFTORHIS10UG
Innovative research
each
EUR 568
Description: Bacteria-Derived FTO Recombinant Protein His Tag
According to the human embryonic stem cell (hESC) charter , iPSC formation was confirmed by comparatively analyzing hESC markers via colony morphology, immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR, flow cytometry, gene expression profiling of the three germ layers, and karyotyping. Our results demonstrated that iPSCs were similar to hESCs with regard to morphology, proliferation, hESC-specific surface marker expression, and differentiation into the cell types of the three germ layers.
The efficient generation of iPSCs from the renal tubular cells of an AS patient would provide a novel model to investigate the mechanisms underlying AS and to develop new treatments for AS.
Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from renal tubular cells of a patient with Alport syndrome.
The regulation of science and the Charter of Rights: would a ban on non-reproductive human cloning unjustifiably violate freedom of expression?
Non-Reproductive Human Cloning (NRHC) allows researchers to develop and clone cells , including non-reproductive cells , and to research the etiology and transmission of disease. The ability to clone specific stem cells may also allow researchers to clone cells with genetic defects and analyze those cells with more precisions. Despite those potential benefits, Parliament has banned such cloning due to a myriad of social and ethical concerns. In May 2002, the Canadian Government introduced Bill C-13 on assisted human reproductive technologies. Bill C-13 deals with both the scientific and the clinical use of human reproductive materials, and it prohibits a number of other activities, including NRHC. Although the Supreme Court of Canada has never ruled on whether scientific experiments area form of expression, academic support exists for this notion. The authors go through the legal analysis that would be required to find that scientific experiments are expression, focusing in part on whether NRHC could be considered violent and thus fall outside the protection of section 2(b). The latter question is complicated by the ongoing policy debate over whether an “embryonic cell ” is property of human life. The authors then consider whether a ban on NRHC could be justified under section 1 of the Charter . They conclude that both the breadth of the legislative purpose and the proportionality of the measure are problematic. Proportionality is a specific concern because the ban could be viewed as an outright denial of scientific freedom of expression. Although consistent with current jurisprudence on freedom of expression, this paper runs against the flow of government policy in the areas of regulation and prohibition of non-reproductive human cloning. As there has been no Charter litigation to date on whether scientific research is a form of expression, the authors introduce a new way of looking at the legality of the regulation of new reproductive technologies.